Asexuality refers to a lack of sexual attraction to others. It exists on a spectrum, with some asexual people experiencing no sexual attraction at all and others experiencing it very rarely or under specific circumstances. Though asexuality has often been pathologized and misunderstood, research increasingly shows it to be a valid sexual orientation with likely biological origins.
What is asexuality?
Asexuality is defined as a lack of sexual attraction to others. Asexual people may still experience romantic attraction and have romantic relationships, but they do not feel a draw to have sex with partners.
There are different types of asexuality:
- Asexual – Feels no sexual attraction to others ever
- Gray-asexual or gray-sexual – Feels sexual attraction very rarely or only under specific circumstances
- Demisexual – Feels sexual attraction only after forming a strong emotional bond with someone
Experts estimate 1-3% of the population identifies as asexual. However, measures vary and some believe the number may be higher due to misconceptions about asexuality leading to underreporting.
Is asexuality considered a disorder?
In the past, asexuality was often classified as a sexual dysfunction or psychiatric condition. However, views have shifted considerably and asexuality is no longer considered a disorder by medical and mental health professionals.
Key reasons asexuality is not considered disordered include:
- Asexuality does not inherently cause distress or impair functioning.
- It is a stable sexual orientation for most people.
- It does not result from another medical condition or mental disorder.
- It is not universally seen as a problem that requires treatment.
In 2013, asexuality was officially recognized as a valid sexual orientation when it was included in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The updated classification helped affirm asexuality as a normal variation in human sexuality.
What causes asexuality?
There are likely biological factors that predispose some people to asexuality. These may include:
- Genetics – Twin studies reveal genetics play a role in sexual orientation. Specific genes associated with asexuality have not been identified, but it seems to run in families.
- Prenatal hormones – Evidence links prenatal hormone exposure to sexual orientation. Those who later identify as asexual had prenatal hormone levels in between those who identify as heterosexual and homosexual.
- Brain structure – Asexuality may be linked to differences in certain brain regions and neural connectivity involved in sexual interest and arousal.
Upbringing and environment do not appear directly linked to the development of asexuality. Asexual people come from all types of backgrounds.
Are there health effects of asexuality?
Asexuality is not inherently linked with adverse health outcomes. However, asexual people may face unique stressors, including:
- Feelings of isolation due to the minority status of asexuality
- Pressure from society and partners to have sex
- Questioning of sexual orientation by others
- Limited relationship options, as many struggle to find partners who share their level of interest in sex
These pressures can negatively impact mental health. Studies show higher rates of anxiety, depression, and suicidality among asexual populations.
However, these effects appear to stem from societal prejudice and lack of understanding, rather than asexuality itself. Identifying as asexual and finding supportive community can protect against these mental health risks.
Is there any treatment for asexuality?
Because asexuality is not considered a medical disorder, there is no treatment or “cure” for it. Some key points about treatment:
- Sexual orientation is generally unchangeable, and attempts to change it are unethical.
- Libido levels may fluctuate naturally throughout life for some asexual people.
- Medications to boost libido will not create attraction and may have side effects.
- Therapy focuses on self-understanding and coping with social pressures.
The decision about whether to pursue treatment is highly personal. Asexuality only needs treatment if an individual sees it as problematic for themselves and wants to experience attraction.
What are some misconceptions about asexuality?
There are many myths and false assumptions about asexual people. Some key misconceptions include:
- “Asexual people just haven’t met the right person yet” – Asexuality is an orientation, not a phase.
- “Asexual people don’t want relationships” – Many have romantic relationships without sex.
- “Asexual people hate sex or think it’s disgusting” – Asexuality is lack of attraction, not repulsion.
- “Asexual people have traumatic pasts” – There’s no evidence trauma causes asexuality.
- “Asexual people are innocent or childlike” – Asexuality does not imply naivete.
These assumptions can be harmful and stigmatizing to the asexual community. It’s important to recognize the diversity within this orientation.
Can asexuality change over time?
Sexual orientation is generally stable, though some fluidity can occur in certain people. For asexual individuals:
- Most remain asexual life-long, though cycles of libido may cause fluctuations.
- Some who initially identify as asexual later realize they experience rare attraction.
- A very small number may develop sexual attraction later in life.
- Trauma and medications can sometimes inhibit sexuality.
While orientation switches are possible, asexuality more commonly represents a sexual orientation than a transitional phase. Assuming it will change invalidates asexual identities.
Can asexual people have a “normal” life?
Yes, absolutely. Many asexual people live happy, well-adjusted lives. Key points:
- Asexuality does not inherently limit achieving life goals.
- Asexual people have fulfilling careers, hobbies, and platonic friendships.
- Many have satisfying romantic relationships without sex.
- Some choose to have children through fertility treatments or adoption.
- Asexual people contribute meaningfully to society in many ways.
While asexuality poses some social challenges, it does not prevent living a full, productive life. Self-acceptance and open communication with partners facilitate overcoming obstacles.
Conclusion
Though asexuality remains misunderstood by many, growing research affirms that it represents a valid sexual orientation with biological origins and no inherent pathology. While a lifetime lack of sexual attraction is atypical, asexuality in itself does not constitute a mental disorder or health condition requiring treatment. Through increased awareness and acceptance, asexual people can live fulfilling lives true to their orientation.