What is anaphylaxis?
Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. It can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to something you’re allergic to, such as food, medicine, an insect sting or latex. Anaphylaxis causes your immune system to release a flood of chemicals that can cause you to go into shock — your blood pressure drops suddenly and your airways narrow, blocking breathing. Signs and symptoms include a rapid, weak pulse; a skin rash; and nausea and vomiting. Common triggers include certain foods, some medications, insect venom and latex. Anaphylaxis requires an injection of epinephrine and a follow-up trip to an emergency room. If not treated immediately, anaphylaxis can be fatal.
Common signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis
| Body system | Signs and symptoms |
|---|---|
| Skin | Itching, hives, redness, swelling |
| Respiratory | Wheezing, shortness of breath, throat tightness, cough, hoarse voice, trouble swallowing |
| Gastrointestinal | Nausea, pain/cramps, vomiting, diarrhea |
| Cardiovascular | Pale/blue color, weak pulse, passing out, dizzy/lightheaded, shock |
| Other | Anxiety, feeling of “impending doom”, headache, uterine cramps, metallic taste |
The most dangerous symptoms include breathing difficulties and a drop in blood pressure, which can be fatal.
What to do if you experience anaphylaxis when you’re alone
If you start experiencing signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis when you’re alone, it’s important to act quickly. Here are the steps to take:
1. Use your epinephrine auto-injector immediately
If you have a prescription, use your epinephrine auto-injector (such as EpiPen® or Auvi-Q®) as soon as you notice the first signs of anaphylaxis. Epinephrine works quickly to reverse the symptoms, but the effects are temporary. It’s crucial to inject it as soon as possible and call for emergency help.
2. Call emergency services
Call 911 or your local emergency number right after using your auto-injector. Tell the operator you are having an anaphylactic reaction. Even if the epinephrine makes you feel better, you still need to go to the emergency room to be monitored. The effects of epinephrine typically only last 15-30 minutes, and your symptoms could return.
3. Take another dose of epinephrine if needed
If your symptoms don’t improve within 5-10 minutes after the first dose, give yourself a second injection. Always carry two doses of epinephrine with you in case you need to repeat it.
4. Lie down and raise your legs
If you feel faint or dizzy, lie down on your back and elevate your legs. This helps increase blood flow to your heart and brain. Loosening any tight clothing can also help relieve symptoms.
5. Call someone to be with you
If you can, ask someone nearby to stay with you while you wait for the ambulance. But don’t delay injecting epinephrine or calling 911.
6. Alert the paramedics when they arrive
Let the paramedics know you are having an anaphylactic reaction and if you have used epinephrine. They will provide oxygen, IV fluids, and monitor you on the way to the emergency room.
Preparing for an emergency when you are alone
The key to safely managing anaphylaxis alone is being prepared with the following:
Having epinephrine auto-injectors on hand
If you have severe allergies, your doctor will prescribe epinephrine auto-injectors for you to carry at all times. Check the expiration dates and replace them when they expire. Store them at room temperature and protect them from heat and cold.
Wearing medical ID jewelry
Wearing a medical bracelet or necklace stating your allergies and that you have epinephrine can help alert others if you are alone and need help.
Telling others about your allergies
Make sure to tell friends, family members, co-workers and classmates about your severe allergies so they are aware and can respond if needed. Post allergy signs around your home or office.
Knowing your emergency contacts
Have emergency contacts programmed into your phone so someone can be reached if you need help. Share your emergency action plan with trusted individuals.
Carrying epinephrine auto-injectors on you at all times
Always have two epinephrine auto-injectors with you when you are out. Keep them in an accessible place, not buried in a bag. Remember to take them in carry-on bags when flying.
Conclusion
Experiencing anaphylaxis when you are alone can be frightening. But you can take steps to prepare, such as having epinephrine on hand and making others aware of your allergies. If you start having symptoms, use your auto-injector right away, call for help, and have someone stay with you if possible until emergency medical help arrives. With the proper preparation, you can effectively manage an anaphylactic emergency alone. However, it is always best to avoid triggers and have someone with you whenever possible.