Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges. There are different levels of severity that fall under the autism spectrum.
Asperger’s Syndrome
Asperger’s syndrome is considered a milder form of autism. It is sometimes referred to as high-functioning autism. People with Asperger’s have average or above average intelligence and near-normal language development. However, they may have difficulties with social interactions, nonverbal communication and restrictive or repetitive behaviors.
Key Features of Asperger’s Syndrome
- Difficulty with social interactions and relationships
- Narrow, intense interests
- Inflexible adherence to routines
- Poor coordination or clumsiness
- Sensory sensitivity
- Flat, monotonic speaking voice
People with Asperger’s often have above-average vocabulary skills but may have trouble understanding figurative language or navigating conversations. They tend to have excellent memory skills and fact retention.
High-Functioning Autism
High-functioning autism (HFA) is another mild form of ASD. There is some overlap between HFA and Asperger’s syndrome, and the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. However, there are a few key differences:
Differences Between Asperger’s and HFA
| Asperger’s Syndrome | High-Functioning Autism |
|---|---|
| No language delays | May have had early speech delays |
| Motor clumsiness may be present | No motor skills issues |
| Average to above average IQ | Wide range of IQ scores possible |
While language development is normal in Asperger’s, a child with HFA may have had speech delays in their early years. HFA also does not necessarily involve motor difficulties like clumsiness that are common in Asperger’s.
Atypical Autism
Atypical autism is a former diagnosis on the milder end of the spectrum. It was used when symptoms of autism were present, but the criteria for a specific ASD diagnosis like Asperger’s or autism were not fully met. Atypical autism is no longer a formal diagnosis in the DSM-5 psychiatric manual. Individuals who would have received this diagnosis in the past would today be considered to have ASD.
Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified
Pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) was another former mild ASD diagnosis. It was given when some but not all features of autism were identified. Like atypical autism, PDD-NOS has been folded into the broader ASD diagnosis.
Mild to Moderate Autism
Autism itself includes a range of symptom severity. Mild to moderate autism refers to cases where symptoms and challenges are noticeable but less disabling. Someone with mild autism is likely to have average or near-average intelligence but substantial difficulties with communication, social awareness and behavior.
Signs of Mild to Moderate Autism
- Delayed language and speaking skills
- Repetitive speech or motions
- Difficulty relating to peers
- Sensitivity to sensory stimuli
- Narrow range of interests
- Rigid thinking and resistance to change
Individuals with milder autism often benefit from early intervention services and therapies. With support, many are able to live independently, maintain relationships and hold jobs.
Conclusion
There are several former diagnoses and current classifications that represent milder or high-functioning forms of autism spectrum disorder. Asperger’s syndrome, high-functioning autism, and mild to moderate autism are terms used to describe individuals who have noticeable autism symptoms and challenges but average or near-average intelligence and language abilities. With structure, therapy and support, people on the milder end of the spectrum have potential to lead fulfilling, independent lives.