Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects how the body processes glucose, a sugar that is the main source of energy for the cells in our body. Diabetes causes high levels of glucose in the blood, which can lead to serious health complications if left uncontrolled. An estimated 37.3 million people in the U.S. have diabetes, with 1.5 million new cases being diagnosed every year. This article will examine who is most at risk for developing diabetes and the reasons why certain populations are more susceptible.
Who is Most at Risk for Diabetes?
While diabetes can affect people of any age, race, or gender, some groups have a higher chance of developing the disease due to various risk factors. The populations most likely to suffer from diabetes include:
People Over the Age of 45
Age is one of the biggest risk factors for diabetes. The risk of developing diabetes increases as you get older, with the disease most commonly being diagnosed in middle-aged and older adults. After age 45, the body becomes less efficient at using insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. About 27.8% of diabetes cases occur in individuals between the ages of 45-64.
Overweight or Obese Individuals
Being overweight or obese is another major risk factor for diabetes. Excess weight, especially around the abdomen, reduces the body’s ability to effectively use insulin. Over 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight or have obesity. Losing even a moderate amount of weight can help reduce diabetes risk.
People with a Sedentary Lifestyle
Physical inactivity increases the chances of developing diabetes. People who are inactive are more prone to obesity and have higher blood glucose levels. Regular exercise can help control body weight, lower blood sugar, and boost insulin sensitivity. Even light activity like walking has been shown to reduce diabetes risk.
Certain Racial/Ethnic Groups
Some racial and ethnic populations have an increased genetic predisposition and other socioeconomic factors that make them more prone to diabetes. These include:
– African Americans – 13.4% have diabetes compared to 7.3% of non-Hispanic whites
– Hispanics/Latinos – 12.1% have diabetes compared to 7.3% of non-Hispanic whites
– Native Americans – 14.7% have diabetes compared to 7.3% of non-Hispanic whites
– Asian Americans – 9.2% have diabetes compared to 7.3% of non-Hispanic whites
Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes
Women who developed diabetes during pregnancy, known as gestational diabetes, have a higher chance of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Up to 10% of women with gestational diabetes go on to develop type 2 diabetes within 5 years after delivery. Maintaining healthy lifestyle habits after pregnancy can help reduce this risk.
People with a Family History
Having a parent, brother, or sister with diabetes increases your risk of developing the disease. Genetics and shared environmental/behavioral factors contribute to family members having a higher susceptibility. People with a first-degree relative with diabetes have a 1.5 times greater chance of being diagnosed.
Underlying Factors that Lead to Increased Diabetes Risk
While the populations above have a higher incidence of diabetes, some underlying factors drive this increased vulnerability. The main drivers behind diabetes risk include:
Genetics
Genes play a role in diabetes development, especially type 2. Carrying certain gene variants makes it more likely that a person will become insulin resistant or have impaired insulin secretion from the pancreas. While genetics is not the sole determiner, family history is still a risk factor.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance is when the body’s cells do not properly respond to insulin, causing glucose to build up in the bloodstream instead of being absorbed by cells as energy. Obesity, inactivity, and genetics can cause insulin resistance. Over time, the pancreas struggles to produce enough insulin to overcome this resistance.
Impaired Insulin Production
In type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This leaves the body unable to produce enough insulin to regulate blood glucose. In later stage type 2 diabetes, the pancreas can also lose the ability to secrete adequate insulin.
Inflammation
Chronic inflammation appears to play a role in the development of insulin resistance and diabetes complications. Inflammation-triggering factors like obesity, poor diet, inactivity, and smoking induce inflammatory responses that can disrupt the body’s ability to regulate glucose.
Environmental Toxins
Exposure to certain environmental pollutants and chemicals may increase diabetes risk. Toxins like air pollution, bisphenol A (BPA), arsenic, and phthalates are linked to increased insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. However, more research is needed on toxins’ definitive impact.
Vitamin D Deficiency
Some research indicates that low vitamin D levels are associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. Vitamin D helps regulate insulin secretion and reduces inflammation. Those with prediabetes may benefit from vitamin D supplementation to improve insulin sensitivity.
Prevention and Risk Reduction
While some diabetes risk factors like age and genetics cannot be changed, many lifestyle measures can help lower your chances of developing the disease. Steps to reduce your diabetes risk include:
– Achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight through diet and exercise. Even a 5-7% weight loss can have meaningful impact.
– Engaging in regular physical activity, aiming for at least 30 minutes per day of moderate activity like brisk walking.
– Following a balanced, nutrient-rich diet focused on whole foods like vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and lean proteins.
– Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake can help lower diabetes risk.
– Getting adequate sleep, as short sleep duration is linked to impaired glucose metabolism.
– Managing stress levels through relaxation techniques, social connection, and self-care activities. Chronic stress takes a toll on blood sugar regulation.
– Taking vitamin D supplements if deficient, under medical supervision, may provide some protective effects.
– Staying vigilant about health screenings and doctor visits to catch any signs of diabetes early.
Conclusion
Diabetes is a serious illness that disproportionately impacts middle-aged and older adults, overweight individuals, and certain racial/ethnic groups. Aging, family history, genetics, insulin resistance, inflammation, and environmental factors all contribute to increased vulnerability. While some risk factors cannot be controlled, focusing on achieving a healthy lifestyle and weight can help prevent or delay the onset of diabetes in those most at risk. Screenings, education, and early interventions are key to combating diabetes.